When writing a dissertation, thesis or any other research-based assignment, the bibliography is important and will impact the final grade. It references the list of sources used during your documentary research. The bibliography generally appears at the end of the work, before the appendices.
It can have different names: index, collection of references, works cited, or even webography or sitography when the sources come only from the Internet.
Summary
Limestone University provides a definition of biobliography, in this page "What is a Bibliography?", consulted on 17/03/2022.
"A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:
Readers can use the list of references to explore a subject further and enrich their understanding. Indeed, readers can easily and quickly find the references for the works they would like to explore.
The teacher or grader of a report, thesis, or other writing assignment will judge the quality of the writing based on the reliability of the sources used. The bibliography showcases your research and adds credibility to your writing. Copyright is respected, and plagiarism is avoided.
Has your work already been thought of and explored by others? You should give credit to the authors who originally developed these insights. Academic integrity is still valued. The grader appreciates when the writer cites their sources rather than pretending that they came up with the ideas on their own. Plus, truthfulness carries no risk compared to plagiarism.
To avoid being penalised for plagiarism, it's best to know which bibliographic references to include in your bibliography. Indeed, what should be cited? For example, did you know that something that is considered common knowledge does not need to be cited? For everything else, it's best to err on the side of caution.
When the author does not want to be cited or their identity is not known, you should indicate "anonymous" instead of the name or even "unknown author". This way, Copyright is still respected.
Compilatio article: "Should anonymous sources be referenced?".
Indicate the source of the image or graphic, usually below the visual or next to it. You should state the author's name, the title of the visual, the year of publication and the URL of the website where you found this reference. Then copy these references in the bibliography.
Compilatio article: "Why use royalty-free images and graphics during class?" .
Sometimes one author quotes another author. In this case, you should indicate both authors with both their references. The primary and secondary sources enrich the main text and the bibliography. This kind of reference is called a double citation.
Compilatio article: "A primary source cited by a secondary source: Should you cite them both?".
When you translate a text, you must mention this so that the reader is aware of this information.
Compilatio article: "Translation = plagiarism?".
To express an idea, you can rewrite the idea in your own words. Paraphrasing is allowed, provided you cite your source.
Compilatio article: "Paraphrase = plagiarism?".
Beware of self-plagiarism! After an academic assignment has been graded, it can be used again. It should be correctly cited as a source like any other bibliographic reference.
Compilatio article: "Beware of self-plagiarism".
There are multiple ways to lay out your bibliography. Before arranging your ideas, you should ask yourself what you want to highlight: the wealth of authors, subjects, types of content... When there are more than a dozen sources, it is a good idea to include titles and subtitles in order to structure your bibliography.
You can first put the name of the author or the website. This way of sorting is easy to implement but is not very useful to the reader because the ideas will be mixed.
To emphasise the recency or antiquatedness of the sources, the bibliography can be arranged by publication date.
Or, to showcase the chronology of detailed ideas, you can arrange your references in the same order.
The sources can be grouped by the format of the information: images, scientific articles, videos, graphics, books, websites...
They can also be organised by theme: statistics, definitions, scientific research, law articles...
This method of arranging the sources used is easy to implement because you simply need to verify that each footnote has its equivalent citation in the bibliography.
The citation standard determines:
Which citation standard to use is often decided by the writer. Sometimes the educational institution imposes a standard to follow (refer to the regulatory framework, a research librarian...). Regardless, only one standard should be used for the entire document, and all sources should be cited.
The 4 most used citation standards are Harvard Reference System, APA, Chicago Style and ABNT:
Pay attention and refer to each standard to notice the subtleties.
When information is missing, you should check the veracity of the source.
In addition, when the author does not wish to be cited, you can put "anonymous" instead of the name.
Compilatio's Studium is the student version of the software used by 95% of universities to detect plagiarism. It can be accessed at rates starting at €4.95, and it helps students avoid plagiarism by verifying that they've cited all sources used. Compilatio Studium is used at the end of the writing process to compare your bibliography with the detected sources and then adjust your bibliography and footnotes if necessary.
Teachers appreciate if you add a short note at the end of your paper to indicate that the document has been verified by this software. This demonstrates the writer's integrity.
Why choose Compilatio's Studium rather than another tool?
Scribbr, also active in plagiarism detection, lays out other reasons in the article "Scribbr has declared: "Compilatio: the anti-plagiarism software for universities", Compilatio article, published in mars 2020.
Zotero is free software that allows you to easily cite sources. Just save the references found on the web and insert them as a footnote and in the bibliography with this tool. The chosen citation standard is easily applied.
Word is the most widely used word-processing software for students to write research assignments. One lesser-known fact is that this tool also allows you to manage your references for sources in footnotes and create a bibliography, in the "References" tab.
To begin, you must choose which Citation Standard to apply for the whole document. Then, in the "Manage Sources" tab, you enter the type of document (article, book ...) and all information pertaining to the citations. We recommend that you refer to the list of sources found with the Compilatio's Studium software to be sure you haven't forgotten anything. You can also manage these references as you write them by clicking on "Insert Citation".
As your research work is written, the "Bibliography" tab will aggregate all the references. Here is a quick video demonstration :
The bibliography showcases the work you've carried out as part of your documentary research, or for a dissertation or thesis. It is just as important as the development of your topic. As such, the bibliography should prompt the reader to dive deeper into the topic.
For further information:
- "Quotation rules to avoid plagiarism", Compilatio article, 28/01/2022.
- "Beware of self-plagiarism" Compilatio article, 03/02/2022.
- "Translation = plagiarism?" Compilatio article, 17/03/2022.
- "How to Write a Bibliography", Science Buddies, consulted on 17/03/2022.
- "What are bibliographies and references?", the University of Nottingham, consulted on 17/03/2022.
- "Writing a bibliography (examples of APA & MLA styles)" Sciencebuddies.org, consulted on 17/03/2022.
- "Create a bibliography, citations, and references" Support Microsoft, consulted on 17/03/2022.
- "Scribbr has declared: "Compilatio: the anti-plagiarism software for universities" Compilatio article, 19/07/2021.
- "Should anonymous sources be referenced?" Compilatio article, 04/01/2021.
- "A primary source cited by a secondary source: Should you cite them both?" Compilatio article, 0/09/2020.
- "Why use royalty-free images and graphics during class?" Compilatio article, 12/10/2019.
- "Paraphrase = plagiarism?" Compilatio article, 26/07/2019.
- "How to add references into word using google scholar and mendeley", 24/07/2019.
